Fluid Measuring System and Long Focal Point Optical System

ABSTRACT

To enable detection of flow of a distant fluid to be measured to provide a new application of a PIV system at a practical level.  
     A fluid measurement system of the present invention includes a long focus optical system  3  at a CCD camera  2 , and an image processing means  43  for comparing particle images taken at two time points for analysis. The long focus optical system  3  is provided with a shield  32  which shields a part including a central portion of a main mirror  31  at an arbitrary shield rate. As a result, the particle image of a tracer is enlarged with its contour kept clear, that is, in focus, and therefore, the image having a luminance which allows analysis by the PIV method can be taken in spite of use of the long focus optical system.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a long distance type fluid measurementsystem for analyzing the flow field of a distant fluid to be measured,and a long focus optical system used in the fluid measurement system.

BACKGROUND ART

As a system for observing, for example, smoke exhausted from a chimneyof a power station or the like, technologies disclosed in PatentDocument 1 and Patent Document 2 are known. These technologies use aplurality of ITVs or color cameras to detect the presence or absence ofsmoke exhausted from the chimney using parallax and color differencebetween the cameras.

-   -   Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No.        S63-88428    -   Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No.        H10-232198

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problem to be Solved by the Invention

As for smoke exhausted from a chimney of a power station and the like,water vapor, volcanic ash, yellow sand and so on, it is desired todetect the flow such as the velocity and direction of the flow of thesmoke and the like for operation control of the power station and thelike, prediction of the effect on its ambient environment and so on. Bythe technologies disclosed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2,however, only the presence or absence of smoke or the like can bedetected.

On the other hand, recently, a Particle Image Velocimetry (hereinafterreferred to as “PIV”) such as an image correlation method and a ParticleTracing Velocimetry (PTV) is known which measures the flow of a complexflow field with high accuracy and precision by processing particleimages. For example, a laser light is inputted in a sheet form into theflow field of the fluid to be measured to form a laser sheet so thatparticle images on the laser sheet at two time points are taken, andtheir luminance pattern distributions are compared to each other tomeasure the flow velocity and the direction of the fluid. However, PIVis only used mainly for analysis of the flow field of fluid in a closedspace, such as analysis of the flow field of liquid such as water, oiland so on, analysis of the flow field of combustion, and analysis of theflow field by wind tunnel experiment around a moving object such as anautomobile or the like. In other words, the conventional PIV has beendeveloped merely for a short distance, a distance to the fluid to bemeasured of about 1 meter, that is, for a so-called laboratory, and itis desired to use PIV at a practical level.

The present invention has been developed in consideration of the aboveviewpoints, and its object is to provide a fluid measurement systemcapable of detecting the flow of a distant fluid to be measured such assmoke exhausted from a chimney, water vapor, volcanic ash, yellow sandand so on to provide a new application of PIV at a practical level, anda long focus optical system used in the fluid measurement system.

Means to Solve the Problem

To achieve the above-described object, the inventors first focusedattention on use of a long focus optical system. On the other hand, ifan image is picked up by a long focus optical system, the image becomesdarker as the magnification of the optical system is higher, andanalysis by the PIV method becomes difficult. Hence, the inventorsfocused attention on enlargement of the particle image of the tracerkept in focus with its contour kept clear, and reached the completion ofthe present invention.

Namely, the invention in claim 1 provides a fluid measurement systemcomprising an imaging means for taking images of particles contained ina fluid to be measured at small time intervals, a control means forcontrolling the imaging means, and an image processing means forcomparing luminance pattern distributions at a plurality of consecutivetime points obtained by the imaging means to measure a moving directionand a moving amount of a particle group, and analyzing a flow field ofthe fluid to be measured,

the imaging means comprising a long focus optical system being of a longdistance type capable of imaging a fluid to be measured a long distanceaway, and

the long focus optical system being provided with a shield which shieldsa part including a central portion of a main mirror at an arbitraryshield rate.

The invention in claim 2 provides the fluid measurement system accordingto claim 1, wherein

the shield rate found by a ratio of a diameter of the shield to anaperture of the long focus optical system is provided to be arbitrarilyadjustable.

The invention in claim 3 provides the fluid measurement system accordingto any one of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein

the shield rate is set in a range of 20% to 60% when one particle imageobtained by the imaging means across two pixels or more, and is set in arange of 0% to 40% when a plurality of particle images are contained inone pixel.

The invention in claim 4 provides the fluid measurement system accordingto any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein

a secondary mirror included in the long focus optical system issupported by parallel plate glasses whose surfaces are disposed to beoriented in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis of a mainmirror in the lens barrel.

The invention in claim 5 provides the fluid measurement system accordingto any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein

the imaging means is of a long distance type capable of imaging aluminance pattern distribution by natural light reflection in the fluidto be measured a long distance away.

The invention in claim 6 provides the fluid measurement system accordingto any one of claim 1 to claim 4, further comprising:

a laser light input means for inputting a laser light in a sheet forminto the fluid to be measured,

wherein the imaging means is of a long distance type capable of imaginga luminance pattern distribution by the laser light reflection in thefluid to be measured a long distance away.

The invention in claim 7 provides the fluid measurement system accordingto any one of claim 1 to claim 6, wherein

the imaging means is of a long distance type capable of imaging thefluid to be measured 10 m or greater and 20 km or less away from the setposition of the imaging means.

The invention in claim 8 provides a long focus optical systemconstructed by supporting a main mirror and a secondary mirror in amirror barrel, comprising

a shield which shields a part including a central portion of a mainmirror at a predetermined shield rate.

The invention in claim 9 provides the long focus optical systemaccording to claim 8, wherein

the shield rate found by a diameter of the shield with respect to anaperture is settable in a range of 20% to 60% when one particle imageobtained by an imaging means is across two pixels or more, and issettable in a range of 0% to 40% when a plurality of particle images areincluded in one pixel.

The invention in claim 10 provides the long focus optical systemaccording to claim 8 or 9, wherein

the secondary mirror is supported by parallel plate glasses whosesurfaces are disposed to be oriented in a direction perpendicular to theoptical axis of a main mirror in the lens barrel.

The invention in claim 11 provides the long focus optical systemaccording to any one of claim 7 to claim 10, the long focus opticalsystem being used in an imaging means in a fluid measurement systemcomprising the imaging means for taking images of particles contained ina fluid to be measured at small time intervals, a control means forcontrolling the imaging means, and an image processing means forcomparing luminance pattern distributions at a plurality of consecutivetime points obtained by the imaging means to measure a moving directionand a moving amount of a particle group, and analyzing a flow field ofthe fluid to be measured.

EFFECT OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes a long focus optical system and an imageprocessing means for comparing particle images taken at two consecutivetime points for analysis, thereby allowing the flow field of aninaccessible fluid to be measured to be analyzed to provide a newapplication of the PIV system at a practical level. The long focusoptical system of the present invention is especially provided with ashield which shields a part including a central portion of a main mirrorat an arbitrary shield rate. As a result, the particle image of a traceris enlarged with its contour kept clear, that is, kept in focus, andtherefore, the image having a luminance which allows analysis by the PIVmethod can be taken in spite of use of the long focus optical system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the outline of a fluid measurement systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing the state in which a shield isprovided at a long focus optical system of the fluid measurement systemaccording to the above described embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of acomputer of the fluid measurement system according to the aboveembodiment;

FIG. 4 is a chart illustrating an example of a fluid measurement methodusing the fluid measurement system according to the above embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating another example of the fluid measurementmethod using the fluid measurement system according to the aboveembodiment;

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the outline of a fluid measurement systemaccording to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A to 7F are simulation diagrams showing particle images of atracer (images of Airy disk) taken by using an optical telescope, FIG.7A shows the case of a center shield rate by a center shield (centershield diameter/optical telescope aperture) of 0%, FIG. 7B shows thecase of a center shield rate of 35%, and FIG. 7C shows the case of acenter shield rate of 50%, FIG. 7D shows an image of an Airy disk takenwith only a focal length shifted by 0.3 mm under the same condition asin FIG. 7A, and FIGS. 7E and 7F show the images in the case of centershield rates of 35% and 50% with the focal length shifted by 0.3 mm;

FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams simulating the particle images of the tracerin FIGS. 7A to 7C on the pixels of the CCD image sensor, FIG. 8A showsthe case of a center shield rate by the center shield (center shielddiameter/optical telescope aperture) of 0%, FIG. 8B shows the case of acenter shield rate of 35%, and FIG. 8C shows the case of a center shieldrate of 50%;

FIG. 9A is an example of a standard image used for PIV analysis, FIGS.9B to 9D are simulation diagrams using the standard image in FIG. 9A,and FIGS. 9E and 9F are simulation diagrams of the case where theaperture is made to differ;

FIG. 10A is an original image for simulation when luminance informationof scattered light from a number of particles is recorded in one pixelof a CCD camera, and FIGS. 10B to 10D are images simulating the casewhen taken by the fluid measurement system similar to that in TestExample 1;

FIG. 11A is an original image of a parallel light source in whichluminance information from a number of particles is recorded in onepixel of the CCD camera similarly to FIG. 10A, and FIGS. 11B to 11D areimages simulating the case when taken by the fluid measurement systemsimilar to that in Test Example 1;

FIG. 12 is a view showing the appearance of a flow field of the fluid tobe measured which is measured in Test Example 4;

FIG. 13 is a view for explaining the outline of a fluid measurementsystem in Test Example 5;

FIG. 14 is a view showing the appearance of a flow field of the fluid tobe measured which is measured in Test Example 5;

FIG. 15 is a view showing an original image of exhaust smoke being afluid to be measured in Test Example 6;

FIG. 16 is an image of a turbulence structure showing the image filteredby the high-pass filter and then inversely transformed in Test Example6;

FIG. 17 is a view showing the appearance of a flow field of the fluid tobe measured which is measured in Test Example 6;

FIG. 18 is a simulation diagram of exhaust smoke under the sameconditions as those of Test Example 6;

FIG. 19 is an illustration for explaining the way to obtain a spatialfrequency at the time of filtering by a high-pass filter;

FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram for explaining one example of adifference calculation means;

FIG. 21 is a conceptual diagram for explaining another example of thedifference calculation means; and

FIG. 22 is a conceptual diagram for explaining still another example ofthe difference calculation means.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described inmore detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a fluidmeasurement system 1 according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, which comprises a CCD camera 2 including a long focus opticalsystem 3 as an imaging means, a computer 4, a laser light input means 5and so on.

The CCD camera 2 is equipped with the long focus optical system 3, and asingle focus lens (hereinafter, referred to as a “single lens”) ispreferably used as the long focus optical system 3. In this case, it ismore preferable to provide a turret to form a configuration so that aplurality of kinds of single lenses can be selected. The use of theturret also allows automatic selection from among the single lenses. Alens with a zoom function generally has a disadvantage in a large fieldcurvature, but such a lens can be used as long as it is made of glasswith a high refraction index to be able to present a stable image. Notethat although the camera (CCD camera) including a CCD image sensor isused as the imaging means in this embodiment, a camera can be usedinstead which includes a CMOS image sensor.

Besides, any of Newtonian, Cassegrain, or other telescopes can be usedas an optical telescope constituting the long focus optical system 3,and as shown in FIG. 2, a main mirror 31 has the construction providedwith a shield 32 which shields a part including its central portion atan optional shield rate. Thereby, the tracer particle image is enlargedwith its contour kept clear, that is, not out of focus, but in focus.When an image is taken by the long focus optical system 3, the imagebecomes darker as the scaling factor of the optical system becomeshigher, and analysis by the PIV method becomes difficult. However, byproviding such a center shield 32, a tracer particle image is enlarged,and the image having enough luminance to allow the analysis by the PIVmethod can be taken, in spite of use of the long focus optical system 3.Though a preferable shield rate will be described in the test exampleswhich will be described later, the shield 32 is preferably provided sothat the shield rate is changeable by sticking the shields of differentsizes or the like. Since in the present invention, the image of theparticle contained in the fluid to be measured which is a long distanceaway is taken, such a particle is a sufficiently small subject.Accordingly, on the image forming surface, the particle image itself isnot seen, but an Airy disk is seen, and therefore, in thisspecification, a “particle image” refers to the image of an Airy disk.

Further, a secondary mirror is supported by a secondary mirror supportmember (spider) in a lens barrel, and when a particle image is enlarged,light beams in the shape of a cross or the like due to the spider areprojected and overlap the particle image to make discriminationdifficult.

Hence, it is preferable to support the secondary mirror by parallelplate glasses whose surfaces are disposed to be oriented in a directionperpendicular to the optical axis of a main mirror in the lens barrel,instead of the spider in the shape of a cross or the like which has beenconventionally used. The parallel plate glasses can reduce reflection oflight to decrease the projection of the light beams which will be noise.Note that it is preferable to form the parallel plate glasses from anoptical glass.

As shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, the computer 4 is connected to the CCDcamera 2 and comprises a controller 41 for controlling drive of the CCDcamera 2, an image capture means 42 for receiving a signal of the imagetaken by the CCD camera 2 and performing predetermined processing on thesignal, and an image processing means 43. The controller 41 comprises afocal length adjusting means 41 a for calculating an appropriate focallength f of the CCD camera 2 whose details will be described later. Theimage capture means 42 comprises a frame grabber board for digitizingthe analog image signal from the CCD camera 2. The image processingmeans 43 analyzes, by the PIV method, the image frame being the digitalimage signal outputted from the frame grabber board. Note that it isalso possible to provide a circuit for correcting the distortionaberration of the image at the stage previous to the image processingmeans 43.

The image processing means 43 recognizes particle images taken at twosubsequent time points taken by the CCD camera 2 with a small timeinterval therebetween as distributions of luminance patterns, andanalyzes the two particle images by comparison to estimate the amount ofmovement of a particle group. More specifically, it is assumed that thevalue at a certain point in the particle image is taken as a luminancevalue and the luminance values distributed within a predetermined regionin the particle image are recognized as the luminance pattern, so thatthe image processing means 43 obtains the similarity between theluminance patterns by the cross-correlation method or the gray leveldifference accumulation method so as to obtain the moving amount and themoving direction of the particle group on pixels between the two images.The image processing means 43 obtains the actual flow velocity and thedirection of the flow of the fluid to be measured through use of themoving amount and the moving direction on pixels of the particle groupand a small time interval Δt to analyze the flow field.

The laser light input means 5 is constructed by including a laseroscillator such as a semiconductor laser or the like, and a scanningoptical system comprising a plurality of lens groups for forming lasersheets, so that the laser light oscillated from the laser oscillator isin a sheet form by the scanning optical system and is inputted into theflow field of a fluid to be measured.

In obtaining the moving amount and so on of the particle group by theanalysis by the image processing means 43, if the particle groups in thepredetermined luminance patterns within the particle images at the twotime points are separated too far, it is impossible to recognize thecorrelation between them. Accordingly, it is preferable that the movingdistance of the particle group falls within a range of about 0.5% toabout 10% of the total number of pixels in the longitudinal ortransverse direction (for example, 5 pixels to 100 pixels in the case ofthe total number of pixels in the longitudinal (or transverse) directionis 1000). On the other hand, an object of the present invention is toanalyze the flow field of a distant fluid to be measured a long distanceaway from the CCD camera 2 being the imaging means, and thus the CCDcamera 2 is equipped with the long focus optical system 3. Whether ornot the moving amount of the particle group falls within theaforementioned range depends on the focal length f of the long focusoptical system 3 as well as on the imaging time interval Δt between twotime points and on a distance L to the fluid to be measured.

Therefore, the above-described focal length adjusting means 41 a of thecontroller 41 performs calculation to find an appropriate focal length fto allow the moving distance of the particle group between the particleimages at the two time points obtained by the image processing means 43to fall within the abovementioned range. In particular, the followingrelational expressions (1) and (2) are used to find the set number ofmoving pixels of the particle group between the particle images at thetwo time points set within the aforementioned range and the focal lengthf corresponding to the set number of moving pixels.Set number of moving pixels=(V×Δt)/D   (1)D=(f/L)×const   (2)

Incidentally, V represents the temporary velocity of the fluid to bemeasured, Δt represents the imaging time interval between twoconsecutive time points, D represents the size of the image projectedper pixel, and L represents the distance from the set position of theimaging means to the fluid to be measured. In addition, const representsa constant obtained from experiments and is a value obtained by actuallyplacing a scale at the position of the fluid to be measured andmeasuring what number of pixels the unit length of the scale (forexample, 1 mm) corresponds to. Note that when L is about 20 m orgreater, it is not necessary to place the scale at the position matchingthe value of L, but the scale is placed at an arbitrary position ofabout 20 m or greater to measure what number of pixels the unit lengthof the scale corresponds to, in order to obtain the constant.

According to the expression (2), the size D of the image projected perpixel and the focal length f can be recognized to be in a linearproportion to find the appropriate focal length f corresponding to thenumber of moving pixels which falls within the aforementioned range. Thereason why the size D of the image projected per pixel and the focallength f can be recognized to be in a linear proportion is that thedistance L to the fluid to be measured is long. By adjusting the focallength f as described above, an appropriate long focus optical system 3can be selected in a short processing time.

Note that if the distance L to the fluid to be measured is short, therelation between the size D of the image projected per pixel and thefocal length f is non-linear, which case can be dealt with by setting anon-linear table indicating the correlation between them. Incidentally,a telecentric optical system can also be used to recognize them as beingin a linear proportion as in the above case for calculation.

The above-described focal length adjusting means 41 a obtains thedistance L to the fluid to be measured by measurement by a predeterminedmethod to determined the temporary velocity V of the fluid to bemeasured, and uses the above-described relational expressions to selectthe long focus optical system 3 having the focal length f correspondingto the distance L and the temporary velocity V. More specifically, thefocal length adjusting means 41 a derives an appropriate focal length fby calculation and thus can obtain it easily and in a short processingtime. It is also possible to configure such that the CCD camera 2 istemporarily equipped with an arbitrary long focus optical system 3, thelong focus optical system 3 is used to measure the image of the fluid tobe measured at two time points, and the image processing means 43analyzes a temporary flow field so that a long focus optical system 3having the appropriate focal length f is selected depending on whetheror not the obtained number of moving pixels of the particle group fallswithin the aforementioned predetermined range.

Note that as for the method of measuring the distance L to the fluid tobe measured, it can also be calculated by a method of directly measuringthe object such as a chimney or the like using a laser distance meter ora telemeter, or by the relation between positional information of theset position (longitude and latitude) of the CCD camera 2 obtained fromGPS and the position (longitude and latitude) of the object. It is alsopossible to specify the set position of the CCD camera 2 and theposition of the object on a map to calculate the distance L betweenthem.

Further, in this embodiment, the laser light input means 5 is includedto input a laser light in a sheet form into the fluid to be measured sothat the CCD camera 2 takes an image. For this purpose, a timing controlmeans 41 b is provided in the controller 41 of the computer 4 whichsynchronizes oscillation of the laser light by the laser light inputmeans 5 and drive of the CCD camera 2.

Next, a method of measuring the fluid field of a fluid to be measured byusing the fluid measurement system 1 of this embodiment will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 4.

First of all, the CCD camera 2 is set at a predetermined position. Next,an input means of the computer 4 is used to input the distance L fromthe CCD camera 2 to the fluid to be measured which is measured throughuse of the laser distance meter or the like as described above (S1).Then, the flow velocity V (maximum flow velocity Vmax) of the fluid tobe measured is inputted (S2). The flow velocity V is a temporary valuefor selecting the long focus optical system 3 having the appropriatefocal length f as described above, which may be an arbitrary value.However, in order to make the moving distance between the two imagesobtained by the image processing means 43 range from about 0.5% to about10% of the total number of pixels in the longitudinal or transversedirection as described above in a short operation time, it is preferableto input the maximum flow velocity Vmax of the fluid to be measured. Forexample, for the case of smoke exhausted from a chimney or the like, themaximum flow velocity Vmax can be used which is found by a calculatedvalue based on specifications of a blower for blowing the smoke. Theactual maximum flow velocity of the smoke exhausted from the chimney orthe like is lower than the calculated value because of pressure drop orthe like in the chimney flow passage and generally never exceeds thecalculated value. As a matter of course, if the specifications of theblower cannot be specified or if volcanic ash or the like is measured, arough maximum flow velocity Vmax is inputted referring to the empiricalvalues or the like.

After the distance L to the fluid to be measured and the temporary flowvelocity (maximum flow velocity Vmax) are determined, the focal lengthadjusting means calculates the focal length f corresponding to themusing the above-described relational expressions (1) and (2) (S3). Inthis event, the imaging time interval Δt between the particle images attwo time points for use in the calculation is preferably as short aspossible to keep the obtained number of moving pixels of the particlegroup falling within the aforementioned range. Generally, the intervalis set within 1/60 s to 1/30 s.

After the focal length f is determined as described above, the longfocal optical system 3 corresponding thereto is selected (S4). For thesingle lens, for example, the turret is rotated to set it on the CCDcamera 2, or for the one with the zoom mechanism, zoom is adjusted sothat the laser light is inputted from the laser light input means 5 in asheet form to take particle images at two consecutive time points. Notethat it is also possible to adjust the flange focal distancecorresponding to the focal length f obtained by the focal lengthadjusting means 41 a to take the images.

Each of the taken images is transformed by the frame grabber board beingthe image capture means 42 into a digital signal, and the imageprocessing means 43 obtains the flow velocity, the flow direction and soon of the actual flow field of the fluid to be measured from the movingamount and the moving direction between the luminance patterns in theparticle images (S5).

While the case where the rough value of the maximum flow velocity Vmaxof the fluid to be measured is manually inputted is explained in theabove description, FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining the measurementmethod using the above-described fluid measurement system in the casewhere the value is automatically inputted instead of manual input.

As shown in this chart, the point that the distance L to the fluid to bemeasured is inputted automatically or manually is the same as in theabove case (S10), but the maximum flow velocity Vmax inputted in thenext step is determined taking an appropriate flow velocity as theinitial value. More specifically, a maximum flow velocity Vmax (forexample, 30 m/s) which can be measured even by a long focus opticalsystem 3 having the shortest focal length f, for example, a focal lengthof 50 mm from among a plurality of kinds of long focus optical systems 3prepared as those capable of being set in the CCD camera 2 isautomatically inputted (S11).

A focal length f satisfying the above-described expressions (1) and (2)is calculated using the distance L to the fluid to be measured and theautomatically inputted maximum flow velocity Vmax (S12). Then, a longfocus optical system 3 corresponding to the calculated focal length f isselected and set in the CCD camera 2 (S13). The flow field is measuredsimilarly to the above (S14). In this example, the maximum flow velocityVmax is calculated from the analyzed result (S15), and whether or notthe moving distance between the two images is the detection limit orless, that is, the number of moving pixels is less than one is judged(S16). Generally, such a situation does not occur, but if theautomatically selected maximum flow velocity Vmax is too large ascompared to the actual flow velocity, the two images are completely thesame, so that it is impossible to analyze the flow field (the maximumflow velocity in step S15 cannot be obtained), and hence this step ispreferably provided for just in case. If the number of moving pixels isless than one, a new maximum flow velocity Vmax to be used in therelational expressions (1) and (2) is calculated byMaximum flow velocity Vmax (new)=maximum flow velocity Vmax (old)×p

representing an arbitrarily defined relaxation coefficient, for example,p=0.5) to find again the focal length f satisfying the relationalexpressions (1) and (2) to repeat the above-described steps S12 to S16.

If the number of moving pixels is one or more, whether or not the movingdistance (the number of moving pixels) between the two images is about0.5% to about 10% of the total number of pixels of the image sensor inthe longitudinal or transverse direction (for example, 5 pixels to 100pixels in the case where the total number of pixels in the longitudinal(or transverse) direction is 1000), is checked (S17). If the abovecondition is not satisfied, the maximum flow velocity Vmax found in stepS15 is used, and the process returns to step S12 to select a long focusoptical system 3 again. When the condition is satisfied, the result isoutputted, and the measurement is completed.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a fluid measurement system 100 according toanother embodiment of the present invention. The fluid measurementsystem 100 is the same as in the above described embodiment in therespect including a CCD camera 110, a long focus optical system 120mounted to the CCD camera 110, and a computer 130, but differs from itin the respect that it does not have a laser light input means.

In this embodiment, a fluid to be measured is taken under natural lightwithout inputting a laser light. Accordingly, the fluid to be measuredcapable of being imaged is limited to those capable of being reflectedunder natural light, such as water vapor, volcanic ash, smoke from achimney, a fire site or the like, yellow sand, cloud, and pollen.According to this embodiment, it is not necessary to input a laserlight, the system is suitable for analysis of the flow field of a fluidto be measured at a greater distance.

In the particle image taken by the PIV method here, it is necessary thatone particle extends across two or more pixels of the CCD image sensor,and it is more preferable that one particle extends across two to fivepixels. If the distance to the fluid to be measured is about 10 m to 50m, each particle image can be captured under such a condition, but whena fluid to be measured at a distance beyond several hundreds to one kmis imaged via the long focus optical system 3, the number of particlescontained in one pixel is large, and therefore it is difficult orimpossible to analyze the behavior of each one of particles from theimages at two time points. Hence, this embodiment is configured tocalculate the spatial frequency of luminance about the image captured bythe image capture means 42, and include a high-pass filter for leavinghigh frequency components at a predetermined frequency and higher fromthe calculated spatial frequency components, and transform thecomponents passed through the high-pass filter to an image again. Thehigh-pass filter filters the frequency components of the obtainedluminance to leave only high frequency components at the predeterminedfrequency and higher, whereby the turbulence structure occurring in thefluid to be measured can be extracted from the fluid to be measuredinstead of capturing each one of particles reflected by natural light.The turbulence structure here is a cluster composed of a vortex or aflow structure similar to a vortex. By capturing the turbulencestructure as a cluster as described above, each turbulence structure iscaptured across two or more pixels of the CCD image sensor to allow theanalysis using the PIV method.

In particular, each image signal of the taken image is subjected toFourier transform or the like to obtain the spatial frequency componentwhich is filtered using the high-pass filter. The spatial frequency f′in filtering by the high-pass filter is preferably determined within arange found by the following expression.(St/D)×⅓≦f′≦(St/D)×5   (3)

(Incidentally, in the expression, “St” represents a Strouhal number, and“D” represents a representative length of an object generating aturbulence structure.)

The spatial frequency f′ here is an inverse number of the spatialwavelength L being the scale of a vortex of smoke exhausted from thechimney in the example shown in FIG. 19, but the spatial wavelength Lcannot be directly found. On the other hand, the center-to-centerdistance L′ of two contiguous vortexes can be found by the followingexpression.L′=U×T   (4)

(Incidentally, U represents the main flow velocity of smoke, and Trepresents the discharge cycle of a vortex)

Replacing this L′ by the spatial wavelength, resulting in Spatialfrequency f′=1/L′.

On the other hand, Strouhal number St=(1/T)×(D/U) leads toU=(1/T)×(D/St)   (5).

Substituting the expression (5) into the expression (4) yieldsL′=D/St, that is, f′=1/L′=St/D   (6).

The value f′ found by the expression (6) is the spatial frequency to beused in filtering. However, in extracting an effective turbulencestructure, the spatial frequency is not limited to the value found bythe expression (6) but can be determined within a range of ⅓ times orgreater and 5 times or less of the f′ value found by the expression (6),which will be the condition when the above-described expression (3)determines the spatial frequency f.

According to the expression (3) (or the expression (6)), the specialfrequency f′ can be easily found only with the representative length Dof an object generating the turbulence structure and the Strouhal numberSt without obtaining the main flow velocity U and the discharge cycle T.The representative length D is, for example, the diameter of a chimneyand thus its value can easily be found out, and the value of theStrouhal number St is known by experiments according to the shape of anobject generating the turbulence structure (see, for example, Inoue andKiya “Non-linear Phenomenon of Turbulence and Wave” (Asakura PublishingCo., Ltd. 1993) p. 162).

If a value smaller than the range of the above-described expression (3)is used as the spatial frequency f′ in filtering, the image is close tothe original image to fail to discriminate the turbulence structure,whereas if a larger value is used, the turbulence structure itself isalso removed, both cases being undesirable.

A. Simulation Test to Confirm Effectiveness of a Shield

Test examples 1 and 2 are simulation tests on the case where the CCDcamera takes a particle image across two pixels or more (for a longdistance), and test example 3 is that on the case where the CCD cameratakes a plurality of particle images in one pixel (for an ultra-longdistance).

TEST EXAMPLE 1

-   -   Conditions of a fluid measurement system used in calculation in        the simulation test        (a) Long Focus Optical System

Aperture: 140 mm and Focal length: 2,000 mm

(b) CCD Camera

Size per pixel: 9 μm

-   -   Measurement Simulation

FIGS. 7A to 7G show simulation showing particle images (image of Airydisk) of one tracer of a diameter Dt of 30 μm taken by using the abovedescribed optical telescope from a distance Lt of 20 mm away, FIG. 7Ashows the case of a center shield rate (center shield diameter/opticaltelescope aperture) of 0% by the shield (center shield) covering thepart including the central portion of the front surface of the mainmirror, FIG. 7B shows the case of a center shield of 35%, and FIG. 7Cshows the case of a center shield rate of 50%. The optical system usedfor imaging a very small tracer is also regarded as the long focusoptical system. In FIG. 7A, only the disk in the center of the Airy diskis clear, but it is found out that when the center shield rate isincreased as in FIGS. 7B and 7C, the intensity of the refraction ringsurrounding the disk in the center becomes high, and as a result, theimage of the Airy disk including the refraction ring, that is, theparticle image of the tracer can be enlarged without being out of focus.Simulation of this on the pixels of the CCD image sensor results in whatis shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C. As is obvious from the drawings, in the caseof a center shield rate of 0%, the image is across only two pixels, butwith center shield rates of 35% and 50%, the image is taken across threepixels, and the image becomes clearer in sequence. The propercentershield rate differs depending on the aperture of the optical telescope,the distance to the fluid to be measured and the like, but when oneparticle image is taken across two pixels or more, the center shieldrate is preferably selected from the range of 20 to 60%.

Here, as the means for enlarging the particle image, that is, the imageof the Airy disk, the method for bringing the image out of focus byshifting the focal length is conventionally known. FIG. 7D is the imageof the Airy disk taken by shifting only the focal length by 0.3 mm underthe same conditions as those in FIG. 7A. As a result, the image of theAiry disk is enlarged as compared with FIG. 7A, but the image is out offocus with the edge being unclear, and therefore, this is not suitablefor PIV analysis. FIGS. 7E and 7F show the images when the center shieldrate is set at 35% and 50% with the focal length shifted by 0.3 mm, andas compared with the states in focus of FIGS. 7B and 7C, it is found outthat in each case, both the edge of the disk in the center of the Airydisk and the refraction ring are unclear. By making the aperture of thelong focus optical system 3 small, the particle image (image of the Airydisk) becomes large. FIG. 7G shows the image taken by the opticaltelescope of an aperture of 70 mm. As compared with FIG. 7A, theparticle image becomes large, but lacks in brightness, and therefore,this is not suitable for PIV analysis.

EXAMINATION EXAMPLE 2

FIG. 9A is one example of the standard image (No. 5) used for PIVanalysis, which is published in “Okamoto, K., Nishino, S., Saga, T. andKobayashi, T., “Standard images for particle-image velocimetry,” Meas.Sci. Technol., 11, 685-691, 2000”.

The diameter of the particle image of the standard image of FIG. 9A isfive pixels, and when it is assumed that the image of a particle of 30μm is taken at a distance of 20 m, its resolution is 16.2 pixels/arcsec.Thus, in accordance with this condition, the case where the particleimage is taken by the same fluid measurement system 1 as in the testexample 1 is simulated using the standard image, the results are asshown in FIGS. 9B to 9D. FIG. 9B shows the case of a center shield rateby the center shied (center shield diameter/optical telescope aperture)of 0%, FIG. 9C shows the case of a center shield rate of 35%, and FIG.9D shows the case of a center shield rate of 50%.

The results also show that as the center shield increases to 35% and50%, the clearer particle images can be obtained.

The simulation results when the aperture of the long focus opticalsystem 3 is set at 70 mm (center shield rate of 0%) and 250 mm (centershield of 50%) under the same conditions are shown in FIGS. 9E and 9F,which show that as the aperture becomes larger, the clearer particleimage can be obtained.

TEST EXAMPLE 3

FIG. 10A is an original image for simulation when luminance informationof scattered light from a number of particles is recorded in one pixelof the CCD camera 2, and FIGS. 10B to 10D are images simulating the casewhere the same fluid measurement system 1 as in the test example 1 takesthe images.

FIG. 11A is an original image of a parallel light source in whichluminance information from a number of particles is recorded in onepixel of the CCD camera 2 similarly to FIG. 10A, and FIGS. 11B to 11Dare images simulating the case where the same fluid measurement system 1as in the test example 1 takes the images. Note that FIG. 10B and FIG.11B show the case of a center shield rate by the center shield of 0%,FIG. 10C and FIG. 11C show the case of a center shield rate of 35%, andFIG. 10D and FIG. 11D show the case of a center shield rate of 50%.Further, FIG. 11E is a simulation image in the case using a long focusoptical system having an aperture of 70 mm and when the center shieldrate is 0%.

As is clear from those drawings, when the number of particles in onepixel is plural, the image was blurred with increasing center shieldrate unlike the cases of the test example 1 and test example 2. Thus, alower shield rate of the shield is more preferable in the fluidmeasurement system 100 used for an ultra-long distance which extractsand measures the turbulence structure of the fluid to be measured. Theshield rate is preferably 0% to 40%, more preferably, 0% to 20%, andmost preferably 0%. However, comparing FIG. 11B and FIG. 11E, the imageis clearer with increasing aperture of the long focus optical system,which is the same as in the test example 1 and test example 2.

B. Test of Analyzing the Actual Flow Field

The fluid to be measured was imaged via the long focus optical systems 3and 120 and a test of analyzing its flow field by the PIV method wascarried out for each of the above-described fluid measurement systems 1and 100.

TEST EXAMPLE 4

-   -   Configuration of the fluid measurement system 1 (for a long        distance)        (a) Long focus optical system 3

TV-76 optical telescope (manufactured by TELE VUE OPTICS, (Aperture: 76mm and Focal length: 480 mm))

Though the intrinsic center shield rate of the above described TV-76optical telescope is 0%, a shield was attached to the main mirror frontsurface to adjust the shield rate (center shield rate) to 50%.

The aforementioned TV-76 was provided at the CCD camera 2, and theimages of a graph paper and a scale were taken from positions 20 m and50 m away therefrom and compared to confirm that there was no distortionin the images.

(b) CCD Camera 2

Product name “MEGAPLUS ES1.0 (10-bit)” (manufactured by Redlake (sizeper pixel: 9 μm))

(c) Frame Grabber Board

Product name “PIXCI-D2X” (manufactured by EPIX) (The digital imagesignal obtained by the CCD camera 2 is recorded on a hard disk of thecomputer 4 via the frame grabber board.)

(d) Laser Light Input Means 5

Nd-YAG laser (Product name “Gemini PIV 120 mJ” (manufactured by New WaveResearch Co.)

Measurement

With the distance L to the object to be measured from the set positionof the CCD camera 2 equipped with the long focus optical system 3 set at20 m, water mist was sprayed as a tracer particle, and Nd-YAG laser wasinputted in a sheet form by the laser light input means 5 to obtainthree pairs of images at two time points at an imaging time intervalΔt=1/15 s.

Image signals at two time points of each of the pairs which are obtainedwere transmitted as digital signals to the image processing means 43from the frame grabber board to be analyzed by the cross-correlationmethod. FIG. 12 shows the appearance of the flow field of the fluid tobe measured of which three pairs of particle images were analyzed. As isobvious from FIG. 12, in spite of the distance of 20 m to the fluid tobe measured and use of the long focus optical system 3, the movingamount and moving direction of the tracer particle was able to becaptured with sufficient luminance. The average velocity field was ⅕ s,the maximum vector values of the respective pairs were 14.35 pixels,19.63 pixels and 16.95 pixels, and the average of them was 16.97 pixels.This leads to a flow velocity of 254.6 pixels/s=38.95 mm/s, from16.97×15.

TEST EXAMPLE 5

-   -   Configuration of the fluid measurement system 1 (for a long        distance)

The same as in the test example 4

Measurement

As shown in FIG. 13, the same CCD camera 2 as that in the test example 4was set at the location at a distance of 20 m sideway from thetransmission tower installed for exhibition inside the building, and theair flow around the transmission tower was measured. More specifically,an air flow of 0.4 m/s was generated by a fan, water mist and dust weresprayed as the tracer particles to the measurement area near the powertransmission line suspension part of the transmission tower (the area ata height of about 7 m from the ground surface of the transmissiontower), and Nd-YAG laser was inputted in a sheet form from the laserlight input means 5 to measure the air flow. The images at two timepoints was taken at an imaging time interval of Δt= 1/15 s.

FIG. 14 shows the appearance of the flow field obtained by analyzing theobtained image signals of two time points of each pair as in the testexample 4. As is obvious from FIG. 14, in this test example, the movingamounts and moving directions of the tracer particles were also able tobe captured with sufficient luminance. Accordingly, the system shown inFIG. 13 can be used for measuring an air flow around the powertransmission line placed at a height above the ground of about 50 m to60 m, and a wind speed distribution around a high-rise building.

TEST EXAMPLE 6

-   -   Configuration of the fluid measurement system 100 (for an        ultra-long distance)        (a) Long Focus Optical System 120

Maksutov-Cassegrain optical telescope (manufactured by ORION OPTICS,product name “OMI-140” (Aperture: 140 mm and Focal length: 2,000 mm))

Note that at the time of measurement, the focal length was adjusted to1,260 mm using a reducer.

Further, while a shield was not provided on the front surface of themain mirror, but the center shield rate intrinsic to the aforementionedMaksutov-Cassegrain optical telescope was 33%.

The aforementioned Maksutov-Cassegrain optical telescope was provided atthe CCD camera 110, and the images of a graph paper and a scale weretaken from positions 20 m and 50 m away therefrom and compared toconfirm that there was no distortion in the images.

(b) CCD Camera 110

Product name “MEGAPLUS ES1.0 (10-bit)” (manufactured by Redlake (sizeper pixel: 9 μm))

(c) Frame Grabber Board

Product name “PIXCI-D2X” (manufactured by EPIX) (The digital imagesignal obtained by the CCD camera 2 is recorded on a hard disk of thecomputer 4 via the frame grabber board.) The others were completely thesame as those in the test example 4 except that the laser light inputmeans was not included.

Measurement

The fluid to be measured was exhaust smoke exhausted from the tip of thechimney of a thermal power station, and a fluid measurement system 100was set at a position 7.8 km away from the fluid to be measured. Underthe sunlight, its image was taken at the imaging time interval Δt= 1/30s. Each of the obtained image signals at two time points was subjectedto Fourlier transform to obtain the spatial frequency components, andthe high-pass filter was used for the spatial frequency components toleave only high frequency components at a predetermined frequency andhigher to thereby extract the turbulence structure. In the case of thistest example, as for the representative length D of the aforementionedexpression for use in determining the frequency f′ to be filtered, thediameter of the discharge port of the chimney tip was 10 m, and theStrouhal number St was set to 0.4 from a general numeral value inanalysis of flow (see, for example, Inoue and Kiya “Non-linearPhenomenon of Turbulence and Wave” (Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd. 1993)p. 162), with the result that f′ was 0.04 (1/m). The image of theturbulence structure was subjected to analysis processing by thecross-correlation method in the image processing means 43.

FIG. 15 is an original image of exhaust smoke being the fluid to bemeasured in this test example. FIG. 16 is an image of the turbulencestructure showing the resulting original image filtered by the high-passfilter and then inversely transformed. FIG. 16 shows that filteringprocessing by the high-pass filter extracts the turbulence structure.FIG. 17 is a view showing the appearance of flow field of the fluid tobe measured by vectors using the images at two time points obtained in amanner of FIG. 16. As shown in FIG. 17, the moving amount and the movingdirection of the exhaust smoke could be taken in a sufficient luminanceby the method of this test example.

For comparison, simulation was performed using the numeral valueanalysis code “STAR-CD (trade name)” under the same conditions as thoseof the exhaust smoke measured as described above. The simulation resultis shown in FIG. 18. Comparing FIG. 17 with FIG. 18, the shapes andvelocity vectors of rising exhaust smokes well matched each other.Further, the flow rate of the exhaust smoke exhausted from the chimneyobtained from FIG. 17 substantially matched the operating flow rate atthe thermal power station. Accordingly, it is obvious that the measuresystem used in this test example is suitable for measurement of the flowfield in an ultra-long distance such as a distance to the fluid to bemeasured of 7.8 km.

In analyzing the flow field of the fluid to be measured using the longfocus optical system of the present invention, the system has acharacteristic when taking images outdoors that unnecessary background(a mountain, building or the like) is projected in the image taken bythe CCD camera 2. Hence, in this case, it is preferable to set adifference calculation means as the pre-processing means before theimage processing means processes the image.

The difference calculation means repeats, for example, taking a pair ofimages at two consecutive time points at a time interval of Δ t1 andtaking again a pair of images at two consecutive time points at a timeinterval of Δ t1, with a time of Δ t2 intervening therebetween, tothereby take a plurality of pairs of images at a time interval of Δ t1at two time points. Then, as shown in FIG. 20, the difference betweenthe images at the two consecutive time points in each pair is obtained.As a result, the same image signal on the same pixel is cancelled. Inother words, the image signal of the background which is projected inthe two images but never moves is cancelled, and as a result, only themoved particle image is left. The image obtained by the differencecalculation means as described above is regarded as a differenceluminance pattern distribution, so that two difference luminance patterndistribution images with a time of Δ t2 intervening therebetween areobtained and processed by the image processing means 43. This ensuresthat the image signal of the background does not interfere with imageprocessing to increase the accuracy of the flow field analysis of thefluid to be measured.

The difference calculation means may be, in addition to the above, meansfor taking a plurality of sets of images at three consecutive timepoints at a time interval of Δ t1, obtaining the central difference ineach of the sets, and using the difference luminance patterndistribution images obtained from the central differences as shown inFIG. 21. Further, as shown in FIG. 22, it is also possible to employmeans for sequentially taking images at a consecutive plurality of timepoints at a time interval of Δ t1, and sequentially obtaining thedifference luminance pattern distribution images between the images attwo consecutive time points.

Besides, at the time of imaging a distant fluid to be measured a longdistance away, the depth of field is large even if the CCD 2 is infocus. Therefore, the accuracy when reproducing the velocity vectors ofthe particle on the two dimensional coordinates is lower as comparedwith that of the case where the fluid to be measured at a short distancesuch as about 1 m is imaged. Hence, to obtain more accuratetwo-dimensional velocity vectors, it is preferable to prepare three CCDcameras 2 and to use means for imaging the same fluid to be measured inthree directions. For example, with respect to a line connecting thecentral CCD camera and the fluid to be measured, other two CCD camerasare set at positions separated at predetermined angles α 1 and α 2 onthe right and left. The image processing means 43 first processes theimages obtained from the respective cameras to obtain the velocityvectors. Then, using the angles α 1 and α 2 and the distances from theright and left CCD cameras to the fluid to be measured, the imageprocessing means 43 performs coordinate transformation of the velocityvectors obtained by processing the images obtained by the right and leftCCD cameras to the velocity vectors obtained when taking an image at theposition of the central CCD camera. Then, the coordinate-transformedvelocity vectors of the right and left images are compared to thevelocity vectors of the image taken by the central CCD camera to extractonly the overlapping velocity vectors of the particles. Consequently,more accurate two-dimensional velocity vectors can be obtained even forthe case of a larger depth of field.

INDUSTRIAL AVAILABILITY

From the above, in the present invention, an image is taken using thelong focus optical system, and the obtained image is processed using thePIV method, whereby the flow field of an inaccessible distant fluid tobe measured can be analyzed. Accordingly, the present invention can beused, for example, for operation control at the power station byanalyzing the flow field of smoke from a chimney, for operation controlby analyzing the flow field of water vapor from a cooling tower of theatomic power station or the geothermal power station, for environmentalimpact evaluation by analyzing the flow field of volcanic ash and yellowsand, and so on. Further, it is possible to analyze the flow field ofsmoke generated from a large-scale fire site to contribute the analysisto countermeasure, evacuation guidance, and so on. Further, by allowingthe laser light to be inputted into the distant fluid to be measured,airflow can also be analyzed. In addition, analysis of the flow field ofcloud (cloud base portion) can be utilized for local weather forecastand even for analysis of wind around power transmission lines ortransmission towers and for measurement of flow of pollen. Furthermore,for volcano eruption or large-scale fire, the fluid measurement systemof the present invention can be mounted on a vehicle to analyze the flowfield while moving so as to help grasping the disaster occurrence stateon real time and taking effective countermeasure against the disaster.Note that the distance from the long focus optical system to the fluidto be measured is different depending on the accuracy of the long focusoptical system and the image sensor in use. The distance is preferably,but not especially limited to, 10 m or greater and 20 km or less forpractical use in consideration of the performance of the available longfocus optical system and so on.

1. A fluid measurement system comprising an imaging means for takingimages of particles contained in a fluid to be measured at small timeintervals, a control means for controlling said imaging means, and animage processing means for comparing luminance pattern distributions ata plurality of consecutive time points obtained by said imaging means tomeasure a moving direction and a moving amount of a particle group, andanalyzing a flow field of the fluid to be measured, said imaging meanscomprising a long focus optical system being of a long distance typecapable of imaging a fluid to be measured a long distance away, and saidlong focus optical system being provided with a shield which shields apart including a central portion of a main mirror at an arbitrary shieldrate.
 2. The fluid measurement system according to claim 1, wherein theshield rate found by a ratio of a diameter of said shield to an apertureof said long focus optical system is provided to be arbitrarilyadjustable.
 3. The fluid measurement system according to claim 1 or 2,wherein said shield rate is set in a range of 20% to 60% when oneparticle image obtained by the imaging means across two pixels or more,and is set in a range of 0% to 40% when a plurality of particle imagesare contained in one pixel.
 4. The fluid measurement system according toany one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a secondary mirror included in saidlong focus optical system is supported by parallel plate glasses whosesurfaces are disposed to be oriented in a direction perpendicular to anoptical axis of a main mirror in the lens barrel.
 5. The fluidmeasurement system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein saidimaging means is of a long distance type capable of imaging a luminancepattern distribution by natural light reflection in the fluid to bemeasured a long distance away.
 6. The fluid measurement system accordingto any one of claim 1 to claim 4, further comprising: a laser lightinput means for inputting a laser light in a sheet form into the fluidto be measured, wherein said imaging means is of a long distance typecapable of imaging a luminance pattern distribution by the laser lightreflection in the fluid to be measured a long distance away.
 7. Thefluid measurement system according to any one of claim 1 to claim 6,wherein said imaging means is of a long distance type capable of imagingthe fluid to be measured 10 m or greater and 20 km or less away from theset position of said imaging means.
 8. A long focus optical systemconstructed by supporting a main mirror and a secondary mirror in amirror barrel, comprising a shield which shields a part including acentral portion of the main mirror at a predetermined shield rate. 9.The long focus optical system according to claim 8, wherein the shieldrate found by a diameter of said shield with respect to an aperture issettable in a range from 20% to 60% when one particle image obtained byan imaging means is across two pixels or more, and is settable in arange from 0% to 40% when a plurality of particle images are containedin one pixel.
 10. The long focus optical system according to claim 8 orclaim 9, wherein said secondary mirror is supported by parallel plateglasses whose surfaces are disposed to be oriented in a directionperpendicular to the optical axis of a main mirror in the lens barrel.11. The long focus optical system according to any one of claim 7 toclaim 10, said long focus optical system being used in an imaging meansin a fluid measurement system comprising an imaging means for takingimages of particles contained in a fluid to be measured a long distanceaway at small time intervals, a control means for controlling saidimaging means, and an image processing means for comparing luminancepattern distributions at a plurality of consecutive time points obtainedby said imaging means to measure a moving direction and a moving amountof a particle group, and analyzing a flow field of the fluid to bemeasured.